How to better prompt when doing SQL question-answering

In this guide we'll go over prompting strategies to improve SQL query generation using create_sql_query_chain. We'll largely focus on methods for getting relevant database-specific information in your prompt.

We will cover:

• How the dialect of the LangChain SQLDatabase impacts the prompt of the chain;
• How to format schema information into the prompt using SQLDatabase.get_context;
• How to build and select few-shot examples to assist the model.

Setup

First, get required packages and set environment variables:

%pip install --upgrade --quiet  langchain langchain-community langchain-experimental langchain-openai

# Uncomment the below to use LangSmith. Not required.
# import os
# os.environ["LANGCHAIN_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()
# os.environ["LANGCHAIN_TRACING_V2"] = "true"

The below example will use a SQLite connection with Chinook database. Follow these installation steps to create Chinook.db in the same directory as this notebook:

• Save this file as Chinook_Sqlite.sql
• Run sqlite3 Chinook.db
• Run .read Chinook_Sqlite.sql
• Test SELECT * FROM Artist LIMIT 10;

Now, Chinhook.db is in our directory and we can interface with it using the SQLAlchemy-driven SQLDatabase class:

from langchain_community.utilities import SQLDatabase

db = SQLDatabase.from_uri("sqlite:///Chinook.db", sample_rows_in_table_info=3)
print(db.dialect)
print(db.get_usable_table_names())
print(db.run("SELECT * FROM Artist LIMIT 10;"))

API Reference:

• SQLDatabase

sqlite
['Album', 'Artist', 'Customer', 'Employee', 'Genre', 'Invoice', 'InvoiceLine', 'MediaType', 'Playlist', 'PlaylistTrack', 'Track']
[(1, 'AC/DC'), (2, 'Accept'), (3, 'Aerosmith'), (4, 'Alanis Morissette'), (5, 'Alice In Chains'), (6, 'Antônio Carlos Jobim'), (7, 'Apocalyptica'), (8, 'Audioslave'), (9, 'BackBeat'), (10, 'Billy Cobham')]

Dialect-specific prompting

One of the simplest things we can do is make our prompt specific to the SQL dialect we're using. When using the built-in create_sql_query_chain and SQLDatabase, this is handled for you for any of the following dialects:

from langchain.chains.sql_database.prompt import SQL_PROMPTS

list(SQL_PROMPTS)

['crate',
 'duckdb',
 'googlesql',
 'mssql',
 'mysql',
 'mariadb',
 'oracle',
 'postgresql',
 'sqlite',
 'clickhouse',
 'prestodb']

For example, using our current DB we can see that we'll get a SQLite-specific prompt.

OpenAI

pip install -qU langchain-openai

import getpass
import os

os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-3.5-turbo-0125")

Anthropic

pip install -qU langchain-anthropic

import getpass
import os

os.environ["ANTHROPIC_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic

llm = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-3-sonnet-20240229")

Google

pip install -qU langchain-google-vertexai

import getpass
import os

os.environ["GOOGLE_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_google_vertexai import ChatVertexAI

llm = ChatVertexAI(model="gemini-pro")

Cohere

pip install -qU langchain-cohere

import getpass
import os

os.environ["COHERE_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_cohere import ChatCohere

llm = ChatCohere(model="command-r")

FireworksAI

pip install -qU langchain-fireworks

import getpass
import os

os.environ["FIREWORKS_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_fireworks import ChatFireworks

llm = ChatFireworks(model="accounts/fireworks/models/mixtral-8x7b-instruct")

MistralAI

pip install -qU langchain-mistralai

import getpass
import os

os.environ["MISTRAL_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_mistralai import ChatMistralAI

llm = ChatMistralAI(model="mistral-large-latest")

TogetherAI

pip install -qU langchain-openai

import getpass
import os

os.environ["TOGETHER_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass()

from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

llm = ChatOpenAI(
    base_url="https://api.together.xyz/v1",
    api_key=os.environ["TOGETHER_API_KEY"],
    model="mistralai/Mixtral-8x7B-Instruct-v0.1",)

from langchain.chains import create_sql_query_chain

chain = create_sql_query_chain(llm, db)
chain.get_prompts()[0].pretty_print()

API Reference:

• create_sql_query_chain

You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most 5 results using the LIMIT clause as per SQLite. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
Pay attention to use date('now') function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".

Use the following format:

Question: Question here
SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
Answer: Final answer here

Only use the following tables:
{table_info}

Question: {input}

Table definitions and example rows

In most SQL chains, we'll need to feed the model at least part of the database schema. Without this it won't be able to write valid queries. Our database comes with some convenience methods to give us the relevant context. Specifically, we can get the table names, their schemas, and a sample of rows from each table.

Here we will use SQLDatabase.get_context, which provides available tables and their schemas:

context = db.get_context()
print(list(context))
print(context["table_info"])

['table_info', 'table_names']

CREATE TABLE "Album" (
    "AlbumId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Title" NVARCHAR(160) NOT NULL, 
    "ArtistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("AlbumId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("ArtistId") REFERENCES "Artist" ("ArtistId")
)

/*
3 rows from Album table:
AlbumId Title   ArtistId
1   For Those About To Rock We Salute You   1
2   Balls to the Wall   2
3   Restless and Wild   2
*/


CREATE TABLE "Artist" (
    "ArtistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(120), 
    PRIMARY KEY ("ArtistId")
)

/*
3 rows from Artist table:
ArtistId    Name
1   AC/DC
2   Accept
3   Aerosmith
*/


CREATE TABLE "Customer" (
    "CustomerId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "FirstName" NVARCHAR(40) NOT NULL, 
    "LastName" NVARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, 
    "Company" NVARCHAR(80), 
    "Address" NVARCHAR(70), 
    "City" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "State" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "Country" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "PostalCode" NVARCHAR(10), 
    "Phone" NVARCHAR(24), 
    "Fax" NVARCHAR(24), 
    "Email" NVARCHAR(60) NOT NULL, 
    "SupportRepId" INTEGER, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("CustomerId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("SupportRepId") REFERENCES "Employee" ("EmployeeId")
)

/*
3 rows from Customer table:
CustomerId  FirstName   LastName    Company Address City    State   Country PostalCode  Phone   Fax Email   SupportRepId
1   Luís    Gonçalves   Embraer - Empresa Brasileira de Aeronáutica S.A.    Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 2170 São José dos Campos SP  Brazil  12227-000   +55 (12) 3923-5555  +55 (12) 3923-5566  luisg@embraer.com.br    3
2   Leonie  Köhler  None    Theodor-Heuss-Straße 34 Stuttgart   None    Germany 70174   +49 0711 2842222    None    leonekohler@surfeu.de   5
3   François    Tremblay    None    1498 rue Bélanger   Montréal    QC  Canada  H2G 1A7 +1 (514) 721-4711   None    ftremblay@gmail.com 3
*/


CREATE TABLE "Employee" (
    "EmployeeId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "LastName" NVARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, 
    "FirstName" NVARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, 
    "Title" NVARCHAR(30), 
    "ReportsTo" INTEGER, 
    "BirthDate" DATETIME, 
    "HireDate" DATETIME, 
    "Address" NVARCHAR(70), 
    "City" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "State" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "Country" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "PostalCode" NVARCHAR(10), 
    "Phone" NVARCHAR(24), 
    "Fax" NVARCHAR(24), 
    "Email" NVARCHAR(60), 
    PRIMARY KEY ("EmployeeId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("ReportsTo") REFERENCES "Employee" ("EmployeeId")
)

/*
3 rows from Employee table:
EmployeeId  LastName    FirstName   Title   ReportsTo   BirthDate   HireDate    Address City    State   Country PostalCode  Phone   Fax Email
1   Adams   Andrew  General Manager None    1962-02-18 00:00:00 2002-08-14 00:00:00 11120 Jasper Ave NW Edmonton    AB  Canada  T5K 2N1 +1 (780) 428-9482   +1 (780) 428-3457   andrew@chinookcorp.com
2   Edwards Nancy   Sales Manager   1   1958-12-08 00:00:00 2002-05-01 00:00:00 825 8 Ave SW    Calgary AB  Canada  T2P 2T3 +1 (403) 262-3443   +1 (403) 262-3322   nancy@chinookcorp.com
3   Peacock Jane    Sales Support Agent 2   1973-08-29 00:00:00 2002-04-01 00:00:00 1111 6 Ave SW   Calgary AB  Canada  T2P 5M5 +1 (403) 262-3443   +1 (403) 262-6712   jane@chinookcorp.com
*/


CREATE TABLE "Genre" (
    "GenreId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(120), 
    PRIMARY KEY ("GenreId")
)

/*
3 rows from Genre table:
GenreId Name
1   Rock
2   Jazz
3   Metal
*/


CREATE TABLE "Invoice" (
    "InvoiceId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "CustomerId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "InvoiceDate" DATETIME NOT NULL, 
    "BillingAddress" NVARCHAR(70), 
    "BillingCity" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "BillingState" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "BillingCountry" NVARCHAR(40), 
    "BillingPostalCode" NVARCHAR(10), 
    "Total" NUMERIC(10, 2) NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("InvoiceId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("CustomerId") REFERENCES "Customer" ("CustomerId")
)

/*
3 rows from Invoice table:
InvoiceId   CustomerId  InvoiceDate BillingAddress  BillingCity BillingState    BillingCountry  BillingPostalCode   Total
1   2   2021-01-01 00:00:00 Theodor-Heuss-Straße 34 Stuttgart   None    Germany 70174   1.98
2   4   2021-01-02 00:00:00 Ullevålsveien 14    Oslo    None    Norway  0171    3.96
3   8   2021-01-03 00:00:00 Grétrystraat 63 Brussels    None    Belgium 1000    5.94
*/


CREATE TABLE "InvoiceLine" (
    "InvoiceLineId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "InvoiceId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "TrackId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "UnitPrice" NUMERIC(10, 2) NOT NULL, 
    "Quantity" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("InvoiceLineId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("TrackId") REFERENCES "Track" ("TrackId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("InvoiceId") REFERENCES "Invoice" ("InvoiceId")
)

/*
3 rows from InvoiceLine table:
InvoiceLineId   InvoiceId   TrackId UnitPrice   Quantity
1   1   2   0.99    1
2   1   4   0.99    1
3   2   6   0.99    1
*/


CREATE TABLE "MediaType" (
    "MediaTypeId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(120), 
    PRIMARY KEY ("MediaTypeId")
)

/*
3 rows from MediaType table:
MediaTypeId Name
1   MPEG audio file
2   Protected AAC audio file
3   Protected MPEG-4 video file
*/


CREATE TABLE "Playlist" (
    "PlaylistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(120), 
    PRIMARY KEY ("PlaylistId")
)

/*
3 rows from Playlist table:
PlaylistId  Name
1   Music
2   Movies
3   TV Shows
*/


CREATE TABLE "PlaylistTrack" (
    "PlaylistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "TrackId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("PlaylistId", "TrackId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("TrackId") REFERENCES "Track" ("TrackId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("PlaylistId") REFERENCES "Playlist" ("PlaylistId")
)

/*
3 rows from PlaylistTrack table:
PlaylistId  TrackId
1   3402
1   3389
1   3390
*/


CREATE TABLE "Track" (
    "TrackId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(200) NOT NULL, 
    "AlbumId" INTEGER, 
    "MediaTypeId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "GenreId" INTEGER, 
    "Composer" NVARCHAR(220), 
    "Milliseconds" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Bytes" INTEGER, 
    "UnitPrice" NUMERIC(10, 2) NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("TrackId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("MediaTypeId") REFERENCES "MediaType" ("MediaTypeId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("GenreId") REFERENCES "Genre" ("GenreId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("AlbumId") REFERENCES "Album" ("AlbumId")
)

/*
3 rows from Track table:
TrackId Name    AlbumId MediaTypeId GenreId Composer    Milliseconds    Bytes   UnitPrice
1   For Those About To Rock (We Salute You) 1   1   1   Angus Young, Malcolm Young, Brian Johnson   343719  11170334    0.99
2   Balls to the Wall   2   2   1   U. Dirkschneider, W. Hoffmann, H. Frank, P. Baltes, S. Kaufmann, G. Hoffmann    342562  5510424 0.99
3   Fast As a Shark 3   2   1   F. Baltes, S. Kaufman, U. Dirkscneider & W. Hoffman 230619  3990994 0.99
*/

When we don't have too many, or too wide of, tables, we can just insert the entirety of this information in our prompt:

prompt_with_context = chain.get_prompts()[0].partial(table_info=context["table_info"])
print(prompt_with_context.pretty_repr()[:1500])

You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, first create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run, then look at the results of the query and return the answer to the input question.
Unless the user specifies in the question a specific number of examples to obtain, query for at most 5 results using the LIMIT clause as per SQLite. You can order the results to return the most informative data in the database.
Never query for all columns from a table. You must query only the columns that are needed to answer the question. Wrap each column name in double quotes (") to denote them as delimited identifiers.
Pay attention to use only the column names you can see in the tables below. Be careful to not query for columns that do not exist. Also, pay attention to which column is in which table.
Pay attention to use date('now') function to get the current date, if the question involves "today".

Use the following format:

Question: Question here
SQLQuery: SQL Query to run
SQLResult: Result of the SQLQuery
Answer: Final answer here

Only use the following tables:

CREATE TABLE "Album" (
    "AlbumId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Title" NVARCHAR(160) NOT NULL, 
    "ArtistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY ("AlbumId"), 
    FOREIGN KEY("ArtistId") REFERENCES "Artist" ("ArtistId")
)

/*
3 rows from Album table:
AlbumId Title   ArtistId
1   For Those About To Rock We Salute You   1
2   Balls to the Wall   2
3   Restless and Wild   2
*/


CREATE TABLE "Artist" (
    "ArtistId" INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    "Name" NVARCHAR(120)

When we do have database schemas that are too large to fit into our model's context window, we'll need to come up with ways of inserting only the relevant table definitions into the prompt based on the user input. For more on this head to the Many tables, wide tables, high-cardinality feature guide.

Few-shot examples

Including examples of natural language questions being converted to valid SQL queries against our database in the prompt will often improve model performance, especially for complex queries.

Let's say we have the following examples:

examples = [
    {"input": "List all artists.", "query": "SELECT * FROM Artist;"},
    {
        "input": "Find all albums for the artist 'AC/DC'.",
        "query": "SELECT * FROM Album WHERE ArtistId = (SELECT ArtistId FROM Artist WHERE Name = 'AC/DC');",
    },
    {
        "input": "List all tracks in the 'Rock' genre.",
        "query": "SELECT * FROM Track WHERE GenreId = (SELECT GenreId FROM Genre WHERE Name = 'Rock');",
    },
    {
        "input": "Find the total duration of all tracks.",
        "query": "SELECT SUM(Milliseconds) FROM Track;",
    },
    {
        "input": "List all customers from Canada.",
        "query": "SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE Country = 'Canada';",
    },
    {
        "input": "How many tracks are there in the album with ID 5?",
        "query": "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Track WHERE AlbumId = 5;",
    },
    {
        "input": "Find the total number of invoices.",
        "query": "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Invoice;",
    },
    {
        "input": "List all tracks that are longer than 5 minutes.",
        "query": "SELECT * FROM Track WHERE Milliseconds > 300000;",
    },
    {
        "input": "Who are the top 5 customers by total purchase?",
        "query": "SELECT CustomerId, SUM(Total) AS TotalPurchase FROM Invoice GROUP BY CustomerId ORDER BY TotalPurchase DESC LIMIT 5;",
    },
    {
        "input": "Which albums are from the year 2000?",
        "query": "SELECT * FROM Album WHERE strftime('%Y', ReleaseDate) = '2000';",
    },
    {
        "input": "How many employees are there",
        "query": 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "Employee"',
    },
]

We can create a few-shot prompt with them like so:

from langchain_core.prompts import FewShotPromptTemplate, PromptTemplate

example_prompt = PromptTemplate.from_template("User input: {input}\nSQL query: {query}")
prompt = FewShotPromptTemplate(
    examples=examples[:5],
    example_prompt=example_prompt,
    prefix="You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run. Unless otherwise specificed, do not return more than {top_k} rows.\n\nHere is the relevant table info: {table_info}\n\nBelow are a number of examples of questions and their corresponding SQL queries.",
    suffix="User input: {input}\nSQL query: ",
    input_variables=["input", "top_k", "table_info"],
)

API Reference:

• FewShotPromptTemplate
• PromptTemplate

print(prompt.format(input="How many artists are there?", top_k=3, table_info="foo"))

You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run. Unless otherwise specificed, do not return more than 3 rows.

Here is the relevant table info: foo

Below are a number of examples of questions and their corresponding SQL queries.

User input: List all artists.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Artist;

User input: Find all albums for the artist 'AC/DC'.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Album WHERE ArtistId = (SELECT ArtistId FROM Artist WHERE Name = 'AC/DC');

User input: List all tracks in the 'Rock' genre.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Track WHERE GenreId = (SELECT GenreId FROM Genre WHERE Name = 'Rock');

User input: Find the total duration of all tracks.
SQL query: SELECT SUM(Milliseconds) FROM Track;

User input: List all customers from Canada.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Customer WHERE Country = 'Canada';

User input: How many artists are there?
SQL query:

Dynamic few-shot examples

If we have enough examples, we may want to only include the most relevant ones in the prompt, either because they don't fit in the model's context window or because the long tail of examples distracts the model. And specifically, given any input we want to include the examples most relevant to that input.

We can do just this using an ExampleSelector. In this case we'll use a SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector, which will store the examples in the vector database of our choosing. At runtime it will perform a similarity search between the input and our examples, and return the most semantically similar ones.

We default to OpenAI embeddings here, but you can swap them out for the model provider of your choice.

from langchain_community.vectorstores import FAISS
from langchain_core.example_selectors import SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings

example_selector = SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector.from_examples(
    examples,
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    FAISS,
    k=5,
    input_keys=["input"],
)

API Reference:

• FAISS
• SemanticSimilarityExampleSelector
• OpenAIEmbeddings

example_selector.select_examples({"input": "how many artists are there?"})

[{'input': 'List all artists.', 'query': 'SELECT * FROM Artist;'},
 {'input': 'How many employees are there',
  'query': 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "Employee"'},
 {'input': 'How many tracks are there in the album with ID 5?',
  'query': 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Track WHERE AlbumId = 5;'},
 {'input': 'Which albums are from the year 2000?',
  'query': "SELECT * FROM Album WHERE strftime('%Y', ReleaseDate) = '2000';"},
 {'input': "List all tracks in the 'Rock' genre.",
  'query': "SELECT * FROM Track WHERE GenreId = (SELECT GenreId FROM Genre WHERE Name = 'Rock');"}]

To use it, we can pass the ExampleSelector directly in to our FewShotPromptTemplate:

prompt = FewShotPromptTemplate(
    example_selector=example_selector,
    example_prompt=example_prompt,
    prefix="You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run. Unless otherwise specificed, do not return more than {top_k} rows.\n\nHere is the relevant table info: {table_info}\n\nBelow are a number of examples of questions and their corresponding SQL queries.",
    suffix="User input: {input}\nSQL query: ",
    input_variables=["input", "top_k", "table_info"],
)

print(prompt.format(input="how many artists are there?", top_k=3, table_info="foo"))

You are a SQLite expert. Given an input question, create a syntactically correct SQLite query to run. Unless otherwise specificed, do not return more than 3 rows.

Here is the relevant table info: foo

Below are a number of examples of questions and their corresponding SQL queries.

User input: List all artists.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Artist;

User input: How many employees are there
SQL query: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM "Employee"

User input: How many tracks are there in the album with ID 5?
SQL query: SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Track WHERE AlbumId = 5;

User input: Which albums are from the year 2000?
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Album WHERE strftime('%Y', ReleaseDate) = '2000';

User input: List all tracks in the 'Rock' genre.
SQL query: SELECT * FROM Track WHERE GenreId = (SELECT GenreId FROM Genre WHERE Name = 'Rock');

User input: how many artists are there?
SQL query:

Trying it out, we see that the model identifies the relevant table:

chain = create_sql_query_chain(llm, db, prompt)
chain.invoke({"question": "how many artists are there?"})

'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Artist;'